This label does not distinguish the polarity of the relation (helping or hurting, which is sometimes termed <i>maleficiary</i>).

- [ex 001 "Vote <u>[p en/for Beneficiary]</u>/<u>[p en/against Beneficiary]</u> Pedro!"]

- [ex 002 "Junk food is bad [p en/for Beneficiary] your health."]

- [ex 003 "My parrot died [p en/on Beneficiary] me."]

- [ex 004 "These are clothes [p en/for Beneficiary] children."]

- [ex 005 "These are children[p en/'s Beneficiary--Possessor] clothes. ([ss Beneficiary--Possessor])"]

- [ex 006 "Fortunately [p en/for Beneficiary] the turkey(’s future), he received a presidential pardon."]

Specific subclasses include:

###1. Animate who will potentially experience a benefit or harm as a result of something but is not an experiencer or recipient of the main predicate itself.
(May be an experiencer or recipient of the result.)

###2. Animate target of emotion or behavior, discussed below.

###3. Animate who someone supports or opposes (e.g., <i>vote [p en/for]</i>, <i>cheer [p en/for]</i>, <i>Hooray [p en/for]</i>).

###4. Intended user/usee:

- [ex 007 "(We sell) clothes [p en/for Beneficiary] children"]

- [ex 008 "a gallows [p en/for Beneficiary] criminals"]

- [ex 009 "This is the car [p en/for Beneficiary] you! [advertising idiom]"]

###5. Something characterized as good/appropriate (or not) for some kind of **animate user or usee**, delimiting the applicability of a descriptor to that kind of individual:

- [ex 010 "This place is great [p en/for Beneficiary] young children."]

- [ex 011 "This is a great place [p en/for Beneficiary] young children."]

The first and last items above have analogues with [ss Purpose].
The key difference is that [ss Beneficiary] applies to an animate participant, whereas [ss Purpose] applies to an intended consequence or one of its inanimate participants.

## Targets of behavior versus emotion

A preposition can mark an individual in the context of evaluating how someone else is treating them, with a noun or adjective governor.
If behavior is more salient than emotion, then [ss Beneficiary] is the scene role.
If emotion is highly salient, then [ss Stimulus] is the scene role.

- Behavior-focused:
	- [ex 012 "She exhibits rudeness [p en/towards Beneficiary--Direction] customers. ([ss Beneficiary--Direction])"]

	- [ex 013 "He is <u>rude</u>/<u>condescending</u> [p en/to Beneficiary--Goal] women. ([ss Beneficiary--Goal])"]

	- [ex 014 "He is gentle and compassionate [p en/with Beneficiary--Theme] animals. ([ss Beneficiary--Theme])"]

- Emotion-focused, repeated from [exref 014 Stimulus]:
	- [ex 015 "Her disdain [p en/for Stimulus--Beneficiary] customers was apparent. ([ss Stimulus--Beneficiary])"]

	- [ex 016 "He has/feels compassion <u>[p en/towards Stimulus--Beneficiary]</u>/<u>[p en/for Stimulus--Beneficiary]</u> animals. ([ss Stimulus--Beneficiary])"]

Note that the emotion-focused examples can describe private emotional states directly, while the behavior-focused examples are behavior-based judgments or inferences about emotional states.

An obligation directed at somebody is analyzed like targeted behavior:

- [ex 017 "We have a solemn responsibility [p en/to Beneficiary--Goal] our armed forces. ([ss Beneficiary--Goal])"]

Similar to the behavior-focused examples, inanimate causes can have the potential to positively or negatively affect somebody. Ability and permission modalities are included here:

- [ex 018 "The strategy is <u>beneficial</u>/<u>risky</u>/<u>an option</u> [p en/for Beneficiary] investors. ([ss Beneficiary])"]

- [ex 019 "The strategy <u>is helpful</u>/<u>poses a risk</u>/<u>is available</u> [p en/to Beneficiary--Goal] investors. ([ss Beneficiary--Goal])"]

## Versus [ss Recipient]

[ss Beneficiary] applies to the classic English benefactive construction where it is ambiguous between assistance and intended-transfer:

- [ex 020 "John baked a cake [p en/for Beneficiary] Mary. [to help Mary out, and/or with the intention of giving her the cake]"]

However, if transfer (or communication) is the main semantics of the scene and benefit or harm is no more than an inference, then the scene role is [ss Recipient]:

- [ex 021 "a <u>message</u>/<u>gift</u> [p en/for Recipient--Direction] my mother ([ss Recipient--Direction])"]

- [ex 022 "a package [p en/for Recipient--Direction] the front office ([ss Recipient--Direction])"]

See also: [ss Experiencer], [ss Org]