A [ss Direction] expresses the orientation of a stationary figure or of a figure’s motion.
Prototypical markers[^1] are [p en/away] and [p en/back]; [p en/up] and [p en/down];
[p en/off]; and [p en/out], provided that no specific [ss Source] or [ss Goal] is salient:

- [ex 001 "The bird flew <u>[p en/up Direction]</u>/<u>[p en/out Direction]</u>/<u>[p en/away Direction]</u>/<u>[p en/off Direction]</u>."]

- [ex 002 "I walked [p en/over Direction] to where they were sitting."]

- [ex 003 "The price shot [p en/up Direction]."]

In addition, transitive [p en/toward]/[p en/towards], [p en/for], and [p en/at] can indicate where something is aimed or directed (but see discussion at [ss Goal]):

- [ex 004 "The camera is aimed [p en/at Direction] the subject."]

- [ex 005 "The toddler kicked [p en/at Direction] the wall."]

See discussion of [p en/away_from] at [ss Source].

## Distance

[ss Locus--Direction] is used for expressions of static distance between two points:

- [ex 006 "The mountains are 3 km <u>[p en/away Locus--Direction]</u>/<u>[p en/apart Locus--Direction]</u>. ([ss Locus--Direction])"]

- [ex 007 "The mountains are 3 km [p en/away_from Locus--Direction] our house. ([ss Locus--Direction])"]

This also applies to distances measured by <i>travel time</i> (the amount of time is taken to be metonymic for the physical distance):

- [ex 008 "The mountains are an hour <u>[p en/away Locus--Direction]</u>/<u>[p en/apart Locus--Direction]</u>. ([ss Locus--Direction])"]

Compare [ss Extent], which is the length of a path of motion or the amount of change.

## Informal direction modifier in location description

- [ex 009 "They live (way) <u>[p en/out Locus--Direction] past<sub>[ss Locus--Path]</sub> the highway</u>/<u>[p en/over Locus--Direction] by<sub>[ss Locus]</sub> the school</u> ([ss Locus--Direction])"].

Cf. [exref 003 Interval] at [ss Interval].

[^1]: Known variously as <i>adverbs</i>, <i>particles</i>, and <i>intransitive prepositions</i>.