Anything directly labeled with [ss PartPortion] is understood to be **incomplete** relative to the [ss Whole].
This includes body parts and partial food ingredients.

Prototypical prepositions include [p en/with], [p en/without];
[p en/such_as], [p en/like] for exemplification; and [p en/but], [p en/except], [p en/except_for] for exceptions:

- [ex 001 "a car [p en/with PartPortion] a new engine"]

- [ex 002 "a strategy [p en/with PartPortion] 3 prongs"]

- [ex 003 "the girl [p en/with PartPortion] flaxen hair"]

- [ex 004 "a man [p en/with PartPortion] a wooden leg named Smith"]

- [ex 005 "a valley [p en/with PartPortion] a castle"]

- [ex 006 "a quintet [p en/with PartPortion] 2 cellos"]

- [ex 007 "a performance [p en/with PartPortion] a guitar solo"]

- [ex 008 "a cake [p en/with PartPortion] 3 layers"]

- [ex 009 "a sandwich [p en/with PartPortion] wheat bread"]

- [ex 010 "soup [p en/with PartPortion] carrots (in it)"]

- [ex 011 "a chicken sandwich [p en/with PartPortion] ketchup (on it)"]

- [ex 012 "Bread [p en/without PartPortion] gluten"]

Some can be paraphrased with INCLUDES, but this is not determinative.

## Elements and Exceptions

[ss PartPortion] is used for adpositions marking a member or non-member of a set:

- [ex 013 "strategies [p en/such_as PartPortion] divide-and-conquer"]

- [ex 014 "Everyone [p en/except PartPortion]/[p en/but PartPortion] Bob plays trombone."]

Set-membership can be construed as comparison:

- [ex 015 "strategies [p en/like PartPortion--ComparisonRef] divide-and-conquer [same reading as [exref 013 PartPortion]] ([ss PartPortion--ComparisonRef])"]

The set may be an organizational collective:

- [ex 020 "A piano quintet is a chamber group [p en/with OrgMember--PartPortion] a piano (in it) ([ss OrgMember--PartPortion]) [repeated: [exref 008 OrgMember]]"]


## Diverse Examples

In describing a set or whole, a sort of scanning with [p en/from]...[p en/to] can be used indicate diversity or coverage of the items/parts:

- [ex 016 "Everyone [p en/from PartPortion--Source]<sub>[ss PartPortion--Source]</sub> the peasants  [p en/to PartPortion--Goal]<sub>[ss PartPortion--Goal]</sub> the lord and lady gathered for the feast."]

## *Start [p en/with]*, *end [p en/with]*, etc.

Along similar lines as [exref 016 PartPortion], [p en/with] can be used with an aspectual verb to indicate an item in a sequence:
<i>start [p en/with]</i>, <i>continue [p en/with]</i>, <i>end [p en/with]</i>, and similar.
Here the scene role [ss PartPortion] applies (though note that it is a part with respect to another argument of the verb, not the verb itself):

- [ss PartPortion--Means]:
	- [ex 017 "My teacher started the lesson [p en/with PartPortion--Means] a quiz."]

	- [ex 018 "The lesson started [p en/with PartPortion--Means] a quiz."]

- [ex 019 "The meal started [p en/with PartPortion--Instrument] an appetizer. ([ss PartPortion--Instrument])"]

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In v1, instead of this category, there were separate categories <i>Elements</i> for set members, <i>Comparison/Contrast</i> for exemplification, and <i>Attribute</i> for other parts (grouped with properties, which are now [ss Gestalt]).
(<i>Superset</i> was removed along with <i>Elements</i>: see [ss Whole].)
-->