으로: Goal ~> Goal 으로: Identity ~> Goal 으로: Identity ~> Identity 으로: Instrument ~> Instrument 으로: Manner ~> Manner 으로: Source ~> Instrument
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  # 으로 (-ulo) 

*Allomorph*: 로 (-lo)

The postposition 으로 is highly polysemous. It is used primarily to mark entities relating to causal force (i.e., [ss Instrument] and [ss Means]), spatial locations (such as [ss Goal], [ss Path], and [ss Direction]), [ss Identity], and [ss Manner]. 

## Causal Force

For most causal force usages, postposition 으로 can be used interchangeably with [으로써 (-ulosse)](http://flat.nert.georgetown.edu/ko/%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8D%A8/).

### [ss Instrument]

This postposition marks the [ss Instrument] role---an entity that facilitates an action via causal force. 

[gex 001 "{칼[p ko/로 Instrument]||knife-with} {과일을 fruit-ACC} {깎는다 peel}" "Fruit is peeled with a knife"]

[gex 002 "{꿀[p ko/로 Instrument]||honey-with} {단맛을 sweetness-ACC} {낸다 introduced}" "(We) introduced sweetness using honey"]

[gex 003 "{복잡한 complicated} {계산은 calculations-TOP} {계산기[p ko/로 Instrument]||calculator-with} {합니다 do}" "(We) do complicated calculations with a calculator"]

Postpositions marking the materials of construction are considered [ss Source--Instrument].

[gex 004 "{나무[p ko/로  Source--Instrument]||wood-with} {집을 house-ACC} {짓는다 build}" "(We) build a house out of wood."]

[gex 005 "{이 this} {안경 glasses} {유리[p ko/로  Source--Instrument]||glass-with} {만들어서 made-therefore} {무겁다 heavy}" "These glasses are heavy because they are made of glass"]

### [ss Means]

[ss Instrument] is distinguished from [ss Means], where the causal force is an event or a situation rather than an object or an entity.

[gex 006 "{눈물[p ko/로 Means]||tears-with} {호소한다 petition-ACC}" "(We) petition through tears(crying)."]

[gex 033 "{거친 harsh} {행동[p ko/으로 Means]||behavior-with] {나를 me-ACC} {울렸다 cause-to-cry}" "(They) made me cry with their harsh behavior"]

This usage can take on various construals: 

- [ss PartPortion--Means]:
    - [gex 034 "{사[p ko/로 PartPortion--Means] ||sa-with} {시작하는 starting} {단어 word}" "Words that begin with `sa'"]

    - [gex 035 "{커피[p ko/로 PartPortion--Means]||coffee-with} {시작하는 starting} {아침 morning}" "Morning that starts with (a cup of) coffee"]

- [ss Theme--Means]:
    - [gex 036 "{당신[p ko/으로 Theme--Means]||you-with} {충분하다 enough}" "You are (more than) enough (for us)"]

## Identity

### [ss Identity]

When attached to a title, role or a category, 으로 can also mark the [ss Identity] (both temporary and permanent) of the entity. 

[gex 007 "{그는 he-TOP} {나를 me-ACC} {바보[p ko/로 Identity]||idiot-as} {여긴다 consider}" "He considers me an idiot"]

[gex 008 "{그 that} {여자는 woman-TOP} {현모양처[p ko/로 Identity]||paragon of a good wife and wise mother-as} {가정을 family-ACC} {지켰다 protected}" "As (the paragon of) a 'good wife and wise mother', she protected her family"]

[gex 009 "{그는 he-TOP} {이 this} {학교 school} {교사[p ko/로 Identity]||teacher-as} {있다 be}" "He is (employed) in this school as a teacher"]

If the marked nominal describes is a characteristic identity of an entity, then we assign the label of [ss Characteristic--Identity].

[gex 010 "{이 this} {고장은 district-TOP} {사과[p ko/로 Characteristic--Identity]||apple-as} {유명하다 known}" "This district is famous for their apples"]

## Spatial

### [ss Goal]

으로 also marks the [ss Goal] location (both literal and figurative) or state.

[gex 011 "{버스를 bus-ACC} {타고 riding} {집[p ko/으로 Goal]||home-to} {갔다 went}." "(We) went home by bus."]

[gex 012 "{여기서 here-from} {저기[p ko/로 Goal]||there-to} {옮겨라 move}" "Move this from here to there"]

[gex 013 "{오늘 today} {뉴욕[p ko/으로 Goal]||New York-to} 
 {가는 going} {비행기를 airplane-ACC} {탔다 boarded}" "Today we boarded an airplane headed to New York"]

[gex 014 "{부장에서 manager-from} {과장[p ko/으로 Goal]||general manager-to} {승진했다 advanced}." "(He) advanced from manager position to general manager position."]

[gex 015 "{체온이 temperature-NOM} {37도[p ko/로 Goal]||37 degrees-to} {떨어졌다 dropped}" "The temperature dropped to 37 degrees"]

The final state of a transformation is also annotated as a [ss Goal]:

[gex 016 "{영희가 Yengi-NOM} {현숙한 wise} {처녀[p ko/로 Goal]||lady-into} {성장했다 grew}" "Yengi grew into a wise lady"]

[gex 017 "{좋았던 good} {날씨가 weather} {눈보라[p ko/로 Goal]||blizzard-into} {변했다 turned}" "Good weather turned into a blizzard"]

[gex 018 "{엉망[p ko/으로 Goal]||mess-into} {만들었다 turned}" "They messed it up. Lit: (They) turned it into a mess"]

### [ss Path]

The postposition additionally serves to mark [ss Path] as seen in the following examples.

[gex 019 "{서울에서 Seoul-from} {대구[p ko/로 Path]||Daegu-via} {해서 by-way-of} {부산에 Pusan-to} {갔다 went}" "(We) went from Seoul to Pusan by way of Daegu"]

[gex 020 "{범인이 criminal} {뒷길[p ko/로 Path]||back alley-via} {빠져나갔다 slipped-away}" "The criminal slipped away through the back alley"]

[gex 021 "{모래가 sand-NOM} {소가락 fingers} {사이[p ko/로 Path]||space-between-through}  {흘러나왔다 flowed-out}" "Sand flowed out through the fingers"]

Paths of fictive motion is annotated with the construal [ss Locus--Path].

[gex 022 "{나무가지 branches} {사이[p ko/로 Locus--Path]||space-between-through} {보이는 seen} {풍경이 scenery} {멋지다 beautiful}" "The scenery visible through the branches was beautiful"]

### [ss Direction]

When attaching to directional adverbials, we annotate the postposition as [ss Direction].

[gex 023 "{티셔츠를 t-shirt-NOM} {위[p ko/로 Direction]||up-wards} {벗겼다 removed}" "(I) removed (their) t-shirt upwards"]

[gex 024 "{게는 crab-TOP} {왜 why} {옆으[p ko/로 Direction]||side-ways} {걷는가 walk}" "Why does a crab walk sideways"]

[gex 025 "{앞으[p ko/로 Direction]||front-wards} {한발짝 one-step} {나왔다 came}" "(They) came forward one step"]

### [ss Extent]

Another use for the postposition 으로 is to mark [ss Extent].

[gex 026 "{더 more} {멀리[p ko/로 Direction]||further-wise} {여행을 travels-ACC} {계속하였다 continued}" "(We) further continued on with our travels"]

## Manner

### [ss Manner]

If the semantics of the nominal marked by 으로 qualitatively describes the event and is fully subsumed by the event (no new external event is introduces like in [ss Means]), then we have [ss Manner]. The phrase generally answers the question of *how?* or *in what manner?* the event happened.

[gex 027 "{그는 he-TOP} {팔다 selling} {남은 remaining} {물건을 items-ACC} {염가[p ko/로 Manner]||discount-by} {팔았다 sold}" "He sold the remaining items from a previous sale at a discount"]

[gex 028 "{그는 he-TOP} {큰 loud} {소리[p ko/로 Manner]||noise-by} {떠들었다 yelled}" "He yelled in a loud voice"]

[gex 029 "{취미 entertainment} {목적[p ko/으로 Manner]||goal-by} {공부하시는 studying} {분들 people}" "People who study for entertainment purposes"]

[ss Manner] uses can sometimes take on a more event-specific scene role via construal.

- [ss RateUnit--Manner]:
    - [gex 030 "{우리는 we-TOP} {연필을 pencil-ACC} {낱개[p ko/로 RateUnit--Manner]도|| unit-by-also} {판다 sell}" "We also sell pencils by unit"]

    - [gex 031 "{번데기 silk-pupa} {2킬로[p ko/로 RateUnit--Manner]||2kg-by} {묶어 bundled} {판다 sell}" "We sell silk pupa in/by 2 kg bundles"]

- [ss Causer--Manner]
    - [gex 032 "{이번 this} {겨울에는 winter-ey-TOP} {감기[p ko/로 Causer--Manner]||cold-by} {고생했다 suffered}" "This past winter, we suffered from cold"]

    - [gex 033 "{갑작스러운 sudden} {폭우[p ko/로 Causer--Manner]||downpour-by} {농작물이 crops-NOM} {떠내려갔다 washed-away}" "Crops were washed away by a sudden downpour"]