Anything directly labeled with PartPortion is understood to be incomplete relative to the Whole. This includes body parts and partial food ingredients.

Prototypical prepositions include with, without; such_as, like for exemplification; and but, except, except_for for exceptions:

• a car with a new engine 001

• a strategy with 3 prongs 002

• the girl with flaxen hair 003

• a man with a wooden leg named Smith 004

• a valley with a castle 005

• a quintet with 2 cellos 006

• a performance with a guitar solo 007

• a cake with 3 layers 008

• a sandwich with wheat bread 009

• soup with carrots (in it) 010

• a chicken sandwich with ketchup (on it) 011

• Bread without gluten 012

Some can be paraphrased with INCLUDES, but this is not determinative.

Elements and Exceptions#

PartPortion is used for adpositions marking a member or non-member of a set:

• strategies such_as divide-and-conquer 013

• Everyone except/but Bob plays trombone. 014

Set-membership can be construed as comparison:

• strategies like divide-and-conquer [same reading as #013] (PartPortion↝ComparisonRef) 015

The set may be an organizational collective:

• A piano quintet is a chamber group with a piano (in it) (OrgMember↝PartPortion) [repeated: OrgMember#008] 020

Diverse Examples#

In describing a set or whole, a sort of scanning with from...to can be used indicate diversity or coverage of the items/parts:

• Everyone from_{PartPortion↝Source} the peasants to_{PartPortion↝Goal} the lord and lady gathered for the feast. 016

Start with, end with, etc.#

Along similar lines as #016, with can be used with an aspectual verb to indicate an item in a sequence: start with, continue with, end with, and similar. Here the scene role PartPortion applies (though note that it is a part with respect to another argument of the verb, not the verb itself):

• PartPortion↝Means:

  • My teacher started the lesson with a quiz. 017

  • The lesson started with a quiz. 018

• The meal started with an appetizer. (PartPortion↝Instrument) 019