과 (-kwa)#

Allomorph: 와 (-wa)

See also: 랑 (-lang) and 하고 (-hako)

Accompaniment and Concomitants: Ancillary#

This adposition marks the surplus participant that accompanies another more prominent participant in the event. In the examples below, these usages allow for "함께" insertion, equivalent to English "together" insertion. Note that 과 is mostly interchangeable with the postpositions 랑 and 하고.

Please note that "pure" Ancillary label is reserved for instances where the marked nominal is NOT required by the verb (i.e., it is a tag-along accompanier). If the verb assigns the role of the nominal, then we annotate the scene role as either Agent or Theme as discussed in the subsection below.

Agent↝Ancillary and Theme↝Ancillary#

For verbs like fight, marry or exchange that require more than one participant in the event, the surplus participant marked by the postposition takes on the scene role that is equal to the primary participant's role as seen below.

• Agent↝Ancillary:

  • 누나랑
    sister-with

    자주
    often

    다툰다
    fight

    '(I) fight often with my sister.' 004

  • 교수님과
    professor-with

    의논해
    discuss

    보세요
    try

    'Discuss it with your professor.' 005

  • 진절한
    kind

    사람하고
    person-with

    결혼하고
    marry

    싶어요
    want

    '(I) want to marry a kind person' 006

• Theme↝Ancillary:

  • 자전거가
    bicycle-NOM

    자동차와
    car-with

    부디쳤다
    collided

    'The bicycle collided with the car' 007

  • 말을
    horse-ACC

    소와
    car-with

    바꿨다
    exchanged

    '(I) exchanged the horse with a cow' 008

Note that the examples above resist the "together" insertion. For some verbs the "together" insertion can alter the meaning of the sentence.

• Marry:

  • 친구와
    person-with

    결혼하고
    marry

    싶어요
    want

    '(I) want to marry a friend' 009

  • 친구와
    friend-with

    함께
    together

    결혼하고
    marry

    싶어요
    want

    '(I) want to marry my friend when they marry (like in a group wedding)' 010

• Fight:

  • 누나와
    sister-with

    싸웠다
    fought

    'I fought with (against) my sister' 011

  • 누나와
    sister-with

    함께
    together

    싸웠다
    fought

    'I fought with together with my sister (against a common enemy)' 012

Conjunctive: Ensemble#

For conjunctive usages of 과, we assign the label of Ensemble