Focus Postpositions
Focus postpositions evoke a set of likely candidates for the given event/situation, then the marked nominal is evaluated against these candidates in the capacity specific to the individual Focus postposition.
| Focus Type |
Postpositions (allomorphs) |
Description |
Example No. |
| Contrastive/Concessive |
이라도 (-ilato), 이나 (-ina) |
despite; notwithstanding |
#001, #002 |
| Additive |
도 (-to) |
also, too |
#003 |
| Exclusive |
만 (-man), 뿐 (-ppun) |
only |
#004, #005 |
| Exlusive (Negative Polarity Item (NPI)) |
밖에 (-pakke) |
nothing but |
#006 |
| Inclusive |
이며 (-imye), 이든 (-itun), 이든지 (-itunci) |
for example, among others, too |
#007, #008, #009 |
| Scalar (less than) |
이라도 (-ilato) |
just or merely |
#010 |
| Scalar (more than) |
조차 (-cocha), 마저 (-mace), 까지 (-kkaci) |
even |
#011, #012, #013 |
| Scalar (let alone) |
커녕(-khenyeng) |
let alone, far from |
#014 |
Contrastive/Concessive
모르는
unknowing
것이
things-NOM
있다
be
'Teachers, notwithstanding, don't know everything' 001
늦게
late
시작했어도
started-despite
벌써
already
끝냈다
finished
'(Surprisingly,) Already finished half, despite starting late' 002
좋아요
like
'I also like ramen' 003
먹을
eating
것은
thing-TOP
'There is only ramen to eat' 004
먹을
eating
것은
thing-TOP
있다
be
'There is only ramen to eat' 005
먹을
eating
것은
thing-TOP
없다
not-be
'There is nothing but ramen to eat' 006
다
all
좋아요
like
'Bread, pizza (for example); I like it all' 007
다
all
좋아요
like
'Bread, pizza (doesn't matter what); I like it all' 008
다
all
좋아요
like
'I like whatever.' 009
밥이
rice-NOM
없으면
not-be
주세요
give
'If there is no rice, just give me ramen' 010
시험에
test
떨어졌다
failed
'Even Lisa (least likely candidate to fail) failed the test' 011
시험에
test
떨어졌다
failed
'Even Lisa (least likely candidate to fail) failed the test' 012
시험에
test
합격했다
passed
'Even Bart (least likely candidate to pass) passed the test' 013
죽도
porridge-not_even
못
not
먹는다
eat
'Let alone rice, can't even eat/get porridge' 014